Glossary

'Inaعينة

A back-to-back sale-and-repurchase used to disguise a loan-with-interest — rejected by the majority of jurists.

Bai' al-Sarfبيع الصرف

The Islamic contract governing the exchange of monetary assets — gold for silver, currency for currency, and (under contemporary scholarly application) crypto for crypto or crypto for fiat. Sets four classical conditions that every spot exchange must satisfy.

Bay al-Inahبيع العينة

A sale-and-buy-back arrangement in which a party sells an asset on credit and immediately repurchases it for cash at a lower price, with the cash difference functioning as a loan with a built-in mark-up. Treated very differently across schools and jurisdictions.

Bay'بيع

The generic Shariah term for a sale contract — the foundational permissible mode of exchange.

Daynدين

A debt obligation; Shariah restricts its sale and forbids any premium attached at origination.

Fatwaفتوى

A scholarly opinion on a specific question of Shariah, issued by a qualified mufti or scholarly body. Non-binding by default — it is the scholar's view, not divine pronouncement. HalalCrypto does not issue fatwas.

Fiqhفقه

Islamic jurisprudence — the human science of deriving rulings from the primary sources of Shariah. Distinct from Shariah itself: Shariah is divine, fiqh is the scholarly methodology applied to it.

Ghararغرر

Excessive or avoidable uncertainty in a contract — particularly uncertainty about the subject matter, price, delivery, or counterparty performance. Distinguished from minor unavoidable commercial risk. The structural reason crypto futures and options are excluded from a halal framework.

Halalحلال

Permissible under Islamic law — the affirmative side of the five-tier Shariah ruling spectrum.

Halal Investmentاستثمار حلال

Capital deployment that complies with Shariah at the contract, sector, and finance-structure layers.

Halal Screeningفرز حلال

The systematic process that filters investible assets for Shariah compliance across business and finance ratios.

Haramحرام

Forbidden under Islamic law — the categorical prohibition tier of the five-tier Shariah ruling spectrum.

Hawalaحوالة

An assignment-of-debt contract that transfers an obligation from one debtor to another with creditor consent.

Hibahهبة

A gift contract — a unilateral, irrevocable transfer of ownership without counter-value.

Hifz al-Malحفظ المال

The Maqasid al-Shariah principle of wealth preservation. The operating constraint behind risk discipline in halal trading — hard stops, position-concentration caps, no leverage, no averaging down on losing positions.

Ijmaإجماع

Scholarly consensus — the third source of Shariah after the Qur'an and the Sunnah.

Ijtihadاجتهاد

Independent reasoning by a qualified jurist to derive a ruling from primary sources.

Jahalaجهالة

Unknown-ness — the underlying defect that renders contract terms gharar-laden and therefore invalid.

Kafalahكفالة

A guarantee contract in which one party assumes liability for another's obligation without charging a fee tied to risk.

Malمال

Property, wealth, or anything that can lawfully be owned and exchanged. The classical fiqh prerequisite for an asset to be the subject of a sale — and one of the foundational debates in determining whether crypto qualifies for halal trading.

Mal Mutaqawwamمال متقوم

Legally tradeable property — mal that is not categorically prohibited under Shariah. The narrower category that determines whether a specific asset can be the subject of a halal sale, even when it satisfies the broader 'mal' criterion.

Maqasid al-Shariahمقاصد الشريعة

The five higher objectives the Shariah is understood to pursue: preservation of religion, life, intellect, lineage, and wealth. The interpretive framework that prevents fiqh rulings from being treated as arbitrary rules.

Maysirميسر

Gambling or speculative activity where the parties' gains are zero-sum and arise from chance rather than productive economic activity. The Shariah prohibition that distinguishes investment from speculation and rules out scalping crypto on a derivative wrapper.

Mudaribمضارب

The labour-providing entrepreneur in a mudarabah — receives a share of profit but no fixed wage.

Murabahaمرابحة

A cost-plus sale: the financier buys an asset and resells it to the customer at a disclosed mark-up on deferred terms.

Nisabنصاب

The minimum threshold of qualifying wealth — typically pegged to 85g of gold — at which zakat becomes due.

Qabdقبض

Possession — the actual or constructive taking of ownership of an asset that completes a sale. The structural condition that distinguishes a real spot trade from a derivative contract.

Qard Hasanقرض حسن

A benevolent interest-free loan — the only Shariah-permitted form of pure debt finance.

Qimarقمار

Wagering — the contractual archetype of maysir, where one party gains only because the other loses.

Qiyasقياس

Analogical reasoning — the fourth Sunni source of Shariah after Qur'an, Sunnah, and ijma.

Rabb al-Malرب المال

The capital-providing financier in a mudarabah — bears all financial loss in the absence of mudarib misconduct.

Ribaربا

Interest, or any unearned increase on a loan or exchange of like-for-like assets. The most fundamental prohibition in Islamic finance and the structural reason halal crypto trading rejects margin, perpetual swaps, and lending products.

Riba al-Fadlربا الفضل

Excess in spot exchange of fungible like-for-like ribawi commodities — one of the two recognised forms of riba.

Riba al-Nasi'ahربا النسيئة

Riba arising from deferred settlement on a loan or counter-value — the classical interest-on-debt prohibition.

Ribawi Clusterجنس ربوي

The conceptual category of fungible commodities subject to riba al-fadl rules — gold, silver, dates, wheat, barley, salt, plus modern analogues.

Ribawi Itemsالأصناف الربوية

The six classical commodities — gold, silver, wheat, barley, dates, salt — for which the Prophet specified strict rules of equal-quantity, immediate-delivery exchange. The classical foundation for modern bai' al-sarf analysis.

Shariahشريعة

The divine moral and legal framework derived from the Quran and the Sunnah. The source from which fiqh (jurisprudence) draws its rulings. Often translated as "Islamic law," though the original sense is closer to "the path."

Shubhaشبهة

Doubtful matters — Shariah principle of avoiding the unclear cases that border on the haram.

Taqabudhتقابض

Mutual immediate possession in a sarf transaction. One of the four classical sarf conditions, requiring both parties to take possession in the same session of the contract.

Wakalahوكالة

An agency contract where the principal authorises the agent to act on their behalf, optionally for a fixed fee.

Zakatزكاة

The annual obligatory alms levied on qualifying wealth held above the nisab threshold.

AAOIFIايوفي

Accounting and Auditing Organisation for Islamic Financial Institutions. Bahrain-based standard-setting body whose Shariah Standards are adopted by Islamic financial institutions in over 45 countries. The closest thing Islamic finance has to a universal standard-setter.

AAOIFI Shariah Standard No. 17معيار 17

AAOIFI's Shariah Standard on investment sukuk — distinguishes equity-like sukuk structures from debt-like ones.

AAOIFI Shariah Standard No. 18معيار 18

AAOIFI's Shariah Standard on possession (qabd) — the technical analysis of what constitutes valid possession in a sale.

AAOIFI Shariah Standard No. 21معيار 21

AAOIFI's Shariah Standard on financial papers and shares — the closest published anchor for digital-asset screening.

AAOIFI Shariah Standard No. 31معيار 31

AAOIFI's Shariah Standard on controls of gharar — distinguishes prohibited gharar fahish from tolerated gharar yasir.

Currency-Exchange Standard Correctionتصحيح معيار الصرف

A correction note: HalalCrypto does not use the AAOIFI currency-exchange standard as its crypto-screening standard; digital-asset screening relies on broader published Shariah principles, possession analysis, and asset-specific review.

DIACمركز دبي للتحكيم الدولي

The Dubai International Arbitration Centre — the cross-border venue HalalCrypto designates for Shariah-aware contractual disputes.

IFSBهيئة الخدمات المالية الإسلامية

The Islamic Financial Services Board — the Kuala-Lumpur-based prudential standard-setter for Islamic financial services.

OIC International Islamic Fiqh Academyمجمع الفقه الإسلامي الدولي

The Jeddah-based collective ijtihad body of the OIC — issues binding-on-members fiqh resolutions on contemporary financial questions.

Shariah Auditتدقيق شرعي

Independent ex-post review of whether transactions and processes complied with the certified Shariah framework.

Shariah Supervisory Boardهيئة الرقابة الشرعية

A panel of qualified scholars that reviews and certifies the Shariah compliance of an institution's products.

Algorithmic Tradingتداول خوارزمي

Execution of trading decisions by a deterministic program rather than a human discretionary trader.

Alphaألفا

Excess return after adjusting for benchmark exposure — the part of performance attributed to skill rather than market.

Anomaly Detectionاكتشاف الشذوذ

Identifying samples that depart from the historical distribution — useful for both alpha and risk monitoring.

ATRالمعدل المتوسط للمدى الحقيقي

Average true range — a volatility indicator used to size stops and targets in price units.

Attention Mechanismآلية الانتباه

A learned weighting that lets a model focus on relevant parts of an input sequence at each step.

Backtestingاختبار رجعي

Replaying a strategy over historical data to estimate how it would have performed out of sample.

Bayesian Optimizationتحسين بايزي

A sample-efficient optimisation method that builds a probabilistic surrogate of the objective.

Betaبيتا

The sensitivity of an asset's return to a benchmark's return — the slope from a regression of returns on returns.

Bollinger Bandsنطاقات بولينجر

A moving average flanked by bands at fixed standard deviations — used to frame relative price extremes.

Breakoutاختراق

An entry trigger that fires when price exceeds a defined range or resistance level on volume.

CAGRمعدل النمو السنوي المركب

Compound annual growth rate — the geometric annualised return of a portfolio between two dates.

Candleشمعة

A bar that summarises open, high, low, and close prices over a fixed interval — the visual primitive of charts.

Classificationتصنيف

A supervised learning task whose output is a discrete label — up/down, regime A/B/C.

Correlationارتباط

A scaled measure of co-movement between two return series, bounded between minus one and plus one.

Cross-Validationالتحقق المتقاطع

A model-evaluation protocol that repeatedly partitions data into train and validation folds.

Drawdownانخفاض

The percentage decline from the most recent equity high to the current point on the curve.

EMAمتوسط متحرك أسي

Exponential moving average — a weighted moving average that gives recent prices more weight than older ones.

Ensemble Modelنموذج مجمع

A model whose prediction is the aggregation of several base learners — typically more robust than any one.

Feature Engineeringهندسة الميزات

Constructing predictive variables from raw data — the single highest-leverage activity in financial ML.

Futuresعقود آجلة

A standardised contract to buy or sell an asset at a specified price on a specified future date.

Gradient Boostingتعزيز التدرج

An ensemble that adds trees sequentially, each fit to the residual of the running prediction.

Hyperparameter Tuningضبط فرط المعلمات

Searching the space of model configuration knobs — depth, regularisation, learning rate — for the best generaliser.

Kelly Criterionمعيار كيلي

An equation that prescribes the bet fraction maximising long-run log wealth given edge and odds.

Latencyزمن الاستجابة

The end-to-end delay from market data ingest to order arrival — measured in microseconds for HFT, milliseconds for spot.

Leverageرافعة مالية

The multiplier by which a trader's position size exceeds the equity they have posted as collateral.

Liquidationتصفية

Forced closure of a leveraged position when its collateral falls below the maintenance-margin threshold.

Liquidity

The ability to buy or sell a position quickly, in size, without meaningfully moving the price. Measured by depth of the order book, tightness of the bid-ask spread, and 24-hour traded volume.

LSTMذاكرة طويلة المدى

Long short-term memory — a recurrent neural network architecture designed to retain long-range dependencies in sequence data.

MACDماكد

Moving average convergence divergence — the difference between two EMAs plus a signal line, used as a momentum and trend gauge.

Marginهامش

Borrowed funds posted as collateral to amplify position size — structurally a riba-bearing debt under classical fiqh.

Max Drawdownأقصى انخفاض

The largest peak-to-trough decline in portfolio equity over a defined period.

Mean Reversionالعودة إلى المتوسط

A strategy family that bets prices will revert to a moving average or other reference level.

Model Driftانجراف النموذج

Decay in a deployed model's predictive accuracy as the underlying data distribution shifts.

Momentumزخم

A strategy family that bets recent winners will keep winning over a chosen lookback horizon.

Moving Averageالمتوسط المتحرك

A rolling arithmetic mean of price over a chosen window — the most basic trend filter.

Neural Networkشبكة عصبية

A composition of differentiable layers trained by gradient descent — the substrate of modern deep learning.

No-Scalp Rule

A platform execution-layer rule that excludes ultra-short-horizon scalping trades — sub-minute or sub-bar entries driven by order-book microstructure rather than by a documented screened-asset signal.

OHLCVOHLCV

Open, high, low, close, volume — the five fields of an aggregated price bar.

Online Learningتعلم متصل

Incremental updates to a model from each new data point — the antidote to slow-drift staleness.

Order Bookدفتر الطلبات

A real-time list of buy and sell limit orders at each price level, matched by a venue's engine.

Order Routingتوجيه الطلبات

The logic that decides which venue and order type to send each child slice to.

Overfittingإفراط في التكييف

When a model captures sample noise instead of generalisable structure — backtest gold, live mud.

Perpetualعقد دائم

A futures contract with no expiry, pegged to the spot price by a recurring funding-rate mechanism.

Position Sizingحجم المركز

The discipline of deciding how much equity to risk on each trade given account size and edge.

Random Forestغابة عشوائية

An ensemble of decision trees trained on bootstrapped samples and random feature subsets.

Regressionانحدار

A supervised learning task whose output is a continuous variable — e.g. expected return, expected volatility.

Reinforcement Learningتعلم معزز

A learning paradigm where an agent improves a policy by maximising cumulative reward in an environment.

Risk-Adjusted Returnالعائد المعدل للمخاطر

A return measure that scales raw P&L by a chosen risk metric — what good investing actually optimises.

RSIمؤشر القوة النسبية

Relative strength index — an oscillator that scales recent up-moves against down-moves to flag overbought or oversold.

Sentiment Analysisتحليل المشاعر

NLP applied to text streams — news, social media, filings — to extract a directional opinion signal.

Sharpe Ratioنسبة شارب

Excess return per unit of total volatility — the canonical risk-adjusted-return scorecard.

Short Sellingبيع على المكشوف

Selling a borrowed asset to repurchase later at a lower price — relies on pre-sale of what you do not own (bay' al-ma'dum).

Slippageانزلاق

The difference between the expected price of a trade and the price at which it actually executes.

Slippage Modelنموذج الانزلاق

A backtest component that estimates execution shortfall instead of pretending fills happen at the mid.

Sortino Ratioنسبة سورتينو

Excess return per unit of downside volatility — penalises only deviations below the target.

Spot Tradingتداول فوري

Direct purchase or sale of an asset for immediate settlement at the prevailing market price.

Stop-Lossوقف الخسارة

A pre-committed exit order that closes a position once it has lost a defined amount or percentage.

Supervised Learningتعلم خاضع للإشراف

Learning a function from labelled input-output pairs — the workhorse of return-prediction models.

Take-Profitجني الأرباح

A pre-committed exit order that closes a position once it reaches a target price.

Tick Dataبيانات النبضات

Trade-by-trade or quote-by-quote market data — the raw stream from which candles are aggregated.

Time Seriesسلسلة زمنية

Data ordered by time — the structural form of every price history and the input to most trading models.

Trailing Stopوقف متحرك

A stop-loss that ratchets in a single direction with price, locking in unrealised gains as a trade works.

Transformerمحوّل

A neural architecture that processes sequences via self-attention — the dominant family in modern sequence modelling.

TWAPالسعر المتوسط الزمني

Time-weighted average price — an execution algorithm that slices a parent order evenly across a defined time window.

Volatilityتقلب

The standard deviation of returns — the most common single-number expression of risk.

Volume Profileملف الحجم

A horizontal histogram of traded volume by price level — surfaces the prices where the market actually transacted.

VWAPالسعر المتوسط المرجح بالحجم

Volume-weighted average price — both an execution benchmark and a passive execution algorithm.

Walk-Forward Analysisتحليل المضي للأمام

An out-of-sample testing protocol that re-fits the model on a rolling window and tests on the next.

XGBoostإكس جي بوست

A regularised, parallelised gradient-boosting library — for years the default tabular ML baseline.

AMMصانع سوق آلي

An automated market maker — prices trades from a deterministic curve over pooled liquidity rather than a matched order book.

Bitcoinبيتكوين

The first decentralised proof-of-work blockchain, launched January 2009 by the pseudonymous Satoshi Nakamoto.

Blockكتلة

A bundle of transactions plus metadata that, once accepted by consensus, becomes the next link in the chain.

Blockchainسلسلة الكتل

An append-only chain of cryptographically linked blocks replicated across a peer-to-peer network.

Bridgeجسر

A protocol that moves an asset's representation between two blockchains by locking, minting, or messaging.

CEXبورصة مركزية

A centralised exchange that holds customer assets and matches trades on an internal order book.

Coinعملة

The native asset of a blockchain — used to pay fees and compensate validators or miners.

Cold Walletمحفظة باردة

A wallet whose signing keys are kept on a device that never connects to the internet.

Consensus Mechanism

The procedure a blockchain uses to agree on the next valid block — the rule set that lets many independent computers settle on a single shared history without any central authority.

Custodyحضانة

Holding of customer assets — either by the customer themselves or by an institution acting as bailee.

DeFiتمويل لامركزي

Permissionless on-chain financial primitives — exchange, lending, derivatives — built from smart contracts.

DEXبورصة لامركزية

A decentralised exchange that matches and settles trades through smart contracts rather than a centralised order-book operator.

ERC-20إي آر سي 20

Ethereum's fungible-token standard — defines the minimum interface every interchangeable token contract must expose.

ERC-721إي آر سي 721

Ethereum's non-fungible-token standard — every token has a unique id and is not interchangeable with another.

Ethereumإيثيريوم

A general-purpose smart-contract blockchain, the second-largest by market cap, secured by proof of stake.

Forkانقسام

A divergence in blockchain history — either a temporary chain split or a permanent protocol upgrade.

Gas Feeرسوم الغاز

The variable per-unit cost paid to include computation in a block on EVM-compatible chains.

Hard Forkانقسام صعب

A non-backwards-compatible protocol change that requires every participating node to upgrade.

Hardware Walletمحفظة عتاد

A purpose-built device that stores private keys in tamper-resistant hardware and signs transactions internally.

Hashتجزئة

A one-way function that maps arbitrary data to a fixed-length fingerprint — the cryptographic primitive of blockchains.

Hot Walletمحفظة ساخنة

A wallet whose signing keys live on an internet-connected device — convenient but with greater theft surface.

Layer 1الطبقة الأولى

A base-layer blockchain that maintains its own consensus and security budget rather than inheriting them from another chain.

Layer 2الطبقة الثانية

A scaling protocol that derives security from a layer-1 base chain while executing transactions off-chain.

Lending Protocolبروتوكول إقراض

An on-chain market that matches collateralised borrowers with lenders at an algorithmic interest rate.

Liquidity Poolسبيل سيولة

A smart-contract-held inventory of two or more tokens used to back automated-market-maker trading.

Market Cap

The total market value of a crypto-asset, calculated as circulating supply multiplied by current price. A first-order indicator of size — but distinct from liquidity, and read carefully.

MEVالقيمة القابلة للاستخراج

Maximal extractable value — the value a block proposer can extract by reordering, inserting, or censoring transactions within a block.

Miningتعدين

The process of contributing hash power in proof-of-work systems to propose blocks and earn the block reward.

Multisigمتعدد التواقيع

A wallet that requires M-of-N signatures to authorise a transaction — security through quorum.

NFTرمز غير قابل للاستبدال

A non-fungible token whose unique identifier and metadata represent ownership of a specific digital or physical asset.

Oracleعرّاف

A service that delivers off-chain data — prices, events, randomness — to on-chain contracts.

Private Keyمفتاح خاص

A secret number that authorises spending — losing it loses the funds; leaking it loses them faster.

Proof of Stakeإثبات الحصة

A consensus mechanism that selects block proposers in proportion to staked native tokens.

Proof of Workإثبات العمل

A Sybil-resistance mechanism that requires verifiable computational expenditure to add a block.

Public Keyمفتاح عام

The mathematically linked counterpart of a private key, used to derive the address that receives funds.

Rollupتجميع

A layer-2 design that batches transactions, executes them off-chain, and posts compressed proofs back to layer 1.

Seed Phraseعبارة البذور

A human-readable list of words from which a wallet's full key tree is deterministically derived.

Self-Custodyحضانة ذاتية

Direct possession of one's private keys — the asset is moved only by a signature the holder produces.

Smart Contractعقد ذكي

Self-executing code deployed to a blockchain — once mined it runs deterministically with no further trust requirement.

Stablecoinعملة مستقرة

A token engineered to track a reference asset's price — usually the US dollar — through reserves or protocol mechanics.

Sukukصكوك

Islamic investment certificates representing ownership of a real underlying asset, contract, or project — the Shariah-compliant alternative to conventional interest-bearing bonds. Tokenised sukuk are an active research area; on-chain sukuk are not the same as random crypto tokens.

Tokenرمز

A digital asset issued on top of an existing blockchain via a smart contract — distinct from the chain's native coin.

Tokenomics Disciplineهيكل العملة

The supply, demand, and incentive design of a token economy — emission schedule, sinks, and governance rights.

Transactionمعاملة

A signed instruction that mutates blockchain state — the only way value or data moves on-chain.

USDCيو إس دي سي

Circle's regulated dollar stablecoin, fully backed by short-dated US Treasuries and cash held with US banks.

USDTتيذر

Tether's dollar stablecoin — the largest by trading volume, backed by a mixed reserve disclosed quarterly.

Validatorمُصادِق

A node that signs and verifies blocks in a proof-of-stake network in exchange for protocol-issued rewards.

Walletمحفظة

A software or hardware container that manages private keys and signs blockchain transactions.

Yield Farmingزراعة العوائد

Allocating capital to incentivised on-chain pools to capture protocol-issued rewards on top of base trading fees.

Arbunعربون

A sale contract in which the buyer pays a non-refundable down-payment that secures the right to complete the purchase later. The Islamic-finance structure most often compared to a call option, but with material structural differences.

Ariyahعارية

A gratuitous loan of an asset for use, with the asset itself returned at the end. Distinguished from qard (loan of fungible value) and ijarah (paid lease). Relevant to certain non-yield-bearing on-chain custody arrangements.

Bai' Bithaman Ajilبيع بثمن آجل

A deferred-payment cost-plus sale — common in Malaysian Islamic finance for mortgage and asset finance.

Bay' al-'Ina Structureبيع العينة

A back-to-back sale-and-repurchase structure used to disguise a loan-with-interest — rejected by the majority of jurists.

Bay' al-Ma'dumبيع المعدوم

The prohibited 'sale of what does not exist' — selling an asset before you possess it or before it exists. The classical fiqh basis for excluding short-selling and dated futures.

Ijarahإجارة

A leasing contract — the right to use an asset for a defined period in return for a defined fee (ujrah). One of the most-used structures in modern Islamic finance, including for cars, equipment, and real estate.

Istisnaاستصناع

A manufacturing or construction contract where the buyer commissions a yet-to-be-built asset to specifications, with payment terms flexible. Used for halal infrastructure financing and some real-asset-backed sukuk structures.

Khiyar al-Shartخيار الشرط

A conditional option clause in a contract — granting one party the right to cancel within a defined period. Classical sarf rules exclude khiyar al-shart from valid currency-exchange transactions, which is why options contracts fail Shariah screening.

Mudarabahمضاربة

A profit-sharing partnership where one party provides capital and the other provides labour or expertise. Profits are shared by ratio; losses are borne by the capital provider unless caused by misconduct. The closest classical analogue to a managed-investment subscription.

Musawamahمساومة

A bargained sale where the cost basis is not disclosed — the negotiation-based counterpart of murabaha.

Musharakahمشاركة

A joint-venture partnership where two or more parties contribute capital and share profits and losses in proportion to their contribution. The cleaner profit-and-loss-sharing analogue to mudarabah, where the capital provider also participates in management.

Parallel Salamسلم موازي

A second salam contract back-to-back with the first, used to lay off the seller's delivery obligation Shariah-compliantly.

Salamسلم

A forward sale contract for fungible commodities, where the buyer pays the full price now for delivery of a precisely-specified asset later. The narrow exception to the bay' al-ma'dum prohibition — and even then, only for fungibles, never for monetary assets.

Takafulتكافل

A cooperative risk-sharing arrangement in which participants contribute to a pooled fund used to compensate members who suffer specified losses. The Islamic-finance counterpart to conventional insurance, structured to avoid riba, gharar, and maysir.

Tawarruqتورق

A liquidity-generation structure where a party buys a commodity on credit, then immediately sells it to a third party for cash. Permitted only as 'organised tawarruq' under tight conditions; some Shariah boards have ruled organised tawarruq impermissible due to its near-equivalence to a cash loan.

Tawarruq Structureهيكل التورق

A monetisation structure: buy a halal asset on murabaha then sell it for cash to an unrelated third party.

Ujrahأجرة

A service fee for genuine work performed — distinct from interest. The Shariah category that allows certain forms of staking reward to be received as compensation for validation work.

Urbunعربون

A deposit contract that grants a buyer an option to complete a purchase, with the deposit forfeited if they decline. Recognised by AAOIFI under strict conditions and the closest classical analogue to a call option — though most modern crypto options do not satisfy its conditions.

Wadiahوديعة

A safekeeping or deposit contract — the depositor entrusts an asset to a custodian for safekeeping. The custodian's responsibilities differ from those of a borrower or partner. Relevant to how exchange custody is analysed under Shariah.

Waqfوقف

An irrevocable endowment of a productive asset whose corpus is held perpetually and whose income stream is dedicated to a stated charitable, religious, or family purpose. The classical Islamic-law instrument for long-horizon philanthropy.

Concentration Capسقف التركّز

The maximum share of deployed capital any single asset may represent — caps tail-risk under blow-ups.

Conservative Tierالمستوى المحافظ

HalalCrypto's lowest-volatility track — top-20 universe, tightest stop, highest liquidity floor.

Debt-to-Assets Ratioنسبة الدين إلى الأصول

The AAOIFI-aligned 30-percent threshold applied to on-chain protocol balance sheets in the financial-ratio gate.

Four-Gate Halal Screenفرز رباعي البوابات

HalalCrypto's compliance pipeline: business activity, financial ratio, execution structure, and stablecoin collateral.

Governance Tokenرمز حوكمة

A token whose primary utility is a vote on protocol changes — included only if every other gate is passed.

Halal Equalityالتساوي الحلال

All three HalalCrypto tiers run the same Shariah screen — risk differs, halal does not.

Halal Stablecoinعملة مستقرة حلال

A dollar-pegged token whose collateral does not generate riba and whose issuer does not lend out reserves at interest.

Halal Universeالكون الحلال

The set of digital assets that have passed every gate of the current screening cycle and are eligible to trade.

Interest-Bearing Tokenرمز محمّل بفائدة

Any token whose accounting value rises by accruing protocol-level interest — structurally excluded from screening.

Moderate Tierالمستوى المعتدل

HalalCrypto's mid-volatility track — full halal universe, mid stop, mid liquidity floor.

Multi-X Confluence

A signal-aggregation rule used by the Multi-X tier: an entry only fires when independent indicators across price, volume, volatility-regime, and breadth all agree. Trades signal frequency for signal quality.

Multi-X Tierالمستوى متعدد الأضعاف

HalalCrypto's growth track — full halal universe, widest stop, lowest liquidity floor within halal limits.

Non-Custodial Architectureبنية غير وصائية

HalalCrypto never holds customer assets — they remain on the customer's own venue account throughout.

Permanent Exclusionاستبعاد دائم

An asset's removal from the universe with no tier-level override possible — the strictest screening verdict.

Protocol Revenueإيرادات البروتوكول

The fees a protocol collects from its smart-contract activity — material to the financial-ratio gate.

Quarterly Screenفرز ربعي

HalalCrypto's full re-evaluation cycle — every asset re-tested against every gate, results published.

Quote Assetأصل التسعير

The settlement asset on the other side of every trade — for HalalCrypto, only Shariah-acceptable stablecoins.

Read-Only API Postureوضع قراءة فقط

The default API permission set HalalCrypto requests — trade only, no withdrawal scope ever.

Rebalance Cadenceإيقاع إعادة التوازن

How frequently each tier resets weights toward target — daily for Conservative, looser for higher tiers.

Riba-Bearing Stablecoinعملة مستقرة ربوية

A stablecoin backed by interest-bearing instruments or whose yield is passed through to holders — excluded from the universe.

Spot-Only Executionتنفيذ فوري فقط

HalalCrypto's hard rule that every trade is an outright purchase or sale, settled immediately, with no derivative wrapper.

Threshold Parameterمعامل العتبة

The minimum signal-confidence score required to open a position — tiered by risk appetite.

Treasury Compositionتركيب الخزينة

What a protocol's treasury actually holds — interest-bearing instruments push the asset into financial-ratio fail.

Volume Floorأرضية الحجم

The minimum 24-hour spot volume an asset must trade before it is eligible for a tier.

Withdrawal Lockقفل السحب

Customer-side enforcement that withdrawal permission is never granted on the trading API key HalalCrypto uses.

Yield Exclusionاستبعاد العوائد

HalalCrypto's policy that no protocol-issued yield, staking reward, or lending interest is consumed in any tier.

Madhhabمذهب

A Sunni school of jurisprudence — Hanafi, Maliki, Shafi'i, or Hanbali — each with its own derivational methodology.

Muftiمفتي

A scholar authorised to issue fatwas — operates within a school's jurisprudence rather than performing fresh ijtihad.

Mujtahidمجتهد

A jurist qualified to perform ijtihad — independent derivation of rulings from primary sources.

Sunnahسنة

The recorded practice and rulings of the Prophet ﷺ — the second source of Shariah after the Qur'an.

Tafsirتفسير

Exegesis of the Qur'an — provides the interpretive backdrop against which any fiqh ruling is checked.

Ulemaعلماء

The collective body of qualified Islamic scholars — the human source of fiqh.